Essay on Sexuality in Advertising - 1350 Words

Sex is everywhere you turn. Victoria’s Secret is notorious for their ads that plaster billboards and the sides of buildings, featuring scantily-clad women suggesting an obvious sexual air. The bags you receive at Abercrombie feature half-dressed models, often two of which may be kissing or touching one another. These sexual images are far too present in the every day lives of young children, much younger than what used to be acceptable. Aside from this moral questionability, ads such as these often contain images of unrealistic body types, which exploit insecurity to make consumers use their product, the result of which can be dangerous to mental and physical health. Finally, when I see ads like the one to the right, and rack my brain†¦show more content†¦As images like this began to appear, they shocked the public, especially children who were previously unexposed to such graphics. But, despite the shock factor and the apparent irony that exists in a clothing store whose ads feature models who aren’t wearing clothes, these ads work. Now these bags and other such ads are everywhere, both reflecting the crafty idea to turn customers into walking billboards, as well as representing the number of people who respond to these advertisements. Even if the groups of people who shop there aren’t necessarily responding to the â€Å"sex sells† approach, they are still advocating it by buying Abercrombie as well as other stores that use sexuality in ads. It is rare to find someone that outwardly objects to this form of advertising; people have come to accept that this has become commonplace in the world of advertisement. This was not always the case though; the prevalence of this style of advertising is fairly new, only starting in the past 10 to 20 years. The difference between advertisements now and in the 60s is one that is shocking when considered in a side-by-side comparison. These are two advertisements for the same company: Levi’s jeans. The left one is from the 1960’s whereas the right is a recent ad for a new style of jean that Levi’s has created. Right away it is apparent thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about Sexuality, Ideologies, and Gender Roles in Advertising1937 Words   |  8 PagesFor as long as advertising and mass media have been around, so has their incorporation of sexuality and ideologies. Day after day we are plastered by articles, images, and audible forms of advertising. I would estimate that the average person encounters between fifteen hundred and three thousand forms of advertising each and every day. Of those fifteen hundred to three thousand, it would be safe to say that more than two thirds of them portray sexuality and socially constructed ideals. Men, womenRead MoreToday s Day And Age Sexuality And The Advertising Market946 Words   |  4 Pages~~Forces of Nature: Research In today’s day and age where sexuality and the need to be thin has become prominent in both fashion and the advertising market, it is important to create product for everyone in mind. The purpose of Forces of Nature’s research is to determine if there is a market in producing clothing that is made with the everyday girl in mind. We do know that the teen market is a force all on its own, raking in over $1.76 billion dollars in the year 2001. As moreRead MoreThe Medias Dirty Little Secrets: Media, Advertising, Teenagers, and Sexuality 1442 Words   |  6 Pagesoccurs from eight to ten times per hour in prime-time programming† (Brown, Steele, and Walsh-Childers 60) and that is without counting all those sexually suggestive commercials during the breaks. In January 2000, when the Mercedes Benz company was advertising to sell their new E-Class 4Matic car model, their commercial did not show the television viewers any of the innovative features of the car. Instead, Mercedes displayed a woman beginning to have sex with her lover as she told him that she was notRead MoreSex in the Media Essay1283 Words   |  6 PagesSexuality in the media has been a widely discussed topic amongst people for many years. Sexuality isnt portrayed only on television, but in magazines, advertisements, and movies. Is sexuality in media really necessary? Does sex actually help advertising? How do people respond to this? These questions are all important when deciding what is appropriate and what isnt. People in todays society are largely focused on sexuality. Sexuality is what is hip now and its popularity is getting biggerRead MoreVisual images Reinforce Traditional Gender and Sexuality Stereotypes948 Words   |  4 Pagesimages reinforce traditional gender and sexuality stereotypes through the manifestation of the masculine and feminine miens. An examination of print media advertisements highlights the social and cultural ideologies associated with traditional gender roles that are expected and imposed on by society. â€Å"Advertisements are deeply woven into the fabric of Western Culture, drawing on and reinforcing commonly held perceptions and beliefs† of gender and sexuality stereotypes. They have a strong role inRead MoreThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Mass Media1011 Words   |  5 Pagesthe future. Secondly, images of women advertising. Studies have proven that advertising has been a prime target of attack and scrutiny. The relationship which exists between advertising, the consumer goods industry and the crucial economic role of women as consumers is the basic explanation for the critical focus on sex-role portrayal. It has been proven that advertising effectiveness largely depends on the manipulation of the consumers self image. Advertising manipulates the female image in orderRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Gay Male Body Image1209 Words   |  5 Pageshuman sexuality: sources, satisfaction, and perceived knowledge among college students. Sex Education, 11(4), 471-487. The article states that college student receive limited education about sex. Rutledge, Siebert, Chonody, and Killian conducted a research at a major university to examine: how college students learned about sex, satisfaction with the way they learned about sex, and self-perceived levels of knowledge about sexuality before and after completing a course on human sexuality. As resultsRead More Humor Should Replace Sex in Media Advertising Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesHumor Should Replace Sex in Advertising   Ã‚  Ã‚   In todays society, we as consumers are exposed to media on a daily basis. Beginning the day with a glance at the daily newspaper and finishing the evening with a television program, the average person cannot escape the clutches of the media in its seemingly endless forms. Along with presenting objective information that includes local news, weather, and sports, a main function of modern media is advertising.    Two effective methods of catchingRead MoreAnalysis of Contemporary Magazine Content1183 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of Contemporary Magazine Content Introduction In the twenty-first century, both men and women have become targeted groups in advertising. Both target markets are flooded with images and content that promotes stereotypical sexual identities that are based on sexual images as well as cultural notions of gender roles. When flipping through a magazine a woman or girl would see ads for cosmetic surgery, makeup, wedding dresses, perfume, diets, jewelry and the list goes on. Women are affectedRead More Sexually Explicit Advertising is Detrimental to Society Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesSexually Explicit Advertising is Detrimental to Society Just how far should advertisers go to sell a product? Individuals are reminded that a new age in advertising has emerged when Britney Spears and Victorias Secret model Tricia Helfer grace the cover of Forbes, a traditionally mature financial magazine. However, as any good advertiser knows, sex sells; all people need to do is look at a newsstand or magazine rack. But while it sells, it also offends as the promiscuous use of sexual images

Convictions Paper - 945 Words

Convictions Paper Joe McFadden Christian Excellence CM 3001 Professor Rick Saylor November 19, 2010 Convictions are defined as: 1. An unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence. 2. (Criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed; the conviction came as no surprise. 3. The act of convicting; the act of proving, finding, or adjudging, guilty of an offense. 4. A judgment of condemnation entered by a court having jurisdiction; the act or process of finding guilty, or the state of being found guilty of any crime by a legal tribunal 5. The act of convincing of error, or of compelling the admission of a truth; confutation 6. The state of being convinced or†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"For the Word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart.† (Hebrews 4:12 KJV) Convictions that attract attention for a selfish ego puts us first rather than putting God first, these convictions are often rooted in pride or a desire for attention. Being in the spotlight and gaining attention can be attractive but as we know as Christians we must die to ourselves and seek to put God first in every area of our lives. The Bible speaks in many places of how God feels about pride. â€Å"To fear the LORD is to hate evil; I hate pride and arrogance, evil behavior and perverse speech.† (Proverbs 8:13 NIV). And in (Romans 2:8 NIV) â€Å"But for those who are self-seeking and who reject the truth and follow evil, there will be wrath and anger.† Some convictions are generated by an unwillingness to accept change. It happens sometimes we get comfortable with how things are and how things have been and in general change can be difficult. In change lies a fear of the unknown. Sometimes we fail to see that along with change come opportunities for growth. The Bible tells us â€Å"God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Therefore we will not fear, though the earth give way and the mountains fall into the heart of the sea, though its water roar and foam and the mountains quake with their surging.†Show MoreRelatedConvictions Paper1280 Words   |  6 PagesConvictions 1 Convictions Ohio Christian University CM3000 – Christian Excellence Convictions 2 We all live our lives according to our set of personal convictions. Personal convictions are the blueprints that guide us down the path of life. We generally obtain our core convictions during childhood based on our culture, where we live and our religious beliefs. It is probably safe to say that no two people will have the exact same convictions because each of our experiences and backgroundsRead MoreEffects Of Eyewitness Testimony On The Us Criminal Justice System1700 Words   |  7 PagesMidterm Paper: The Effects of Eyewitness Testimony in the US Criminal Justice System On December 14th, 1982, Marvin Anderson was sentenced to 210 years in prison for crimes that he did not commit [1]. He was charged with rape, forcible sodomy, abduction, and robbery; these convictions were largely due to the eyewitness testimony made against him at trial [2]. During the investigation, a collection of photos was presented to the victim, where Anderson’s photo was the only one in color. Then, in aRead MoreThe Issue Of Wrongful Conviction1746 Words   |  7 Pagesconvicted wrongdoers has been apparently the overwhelming lawful improvement in Canada over the past half-century. In recent years, the issue of wrongful conviction has turned into an acknowledged reality in most common law jurisdiction; Prominent cases tend not just to attract our consideration regarding the deleterious impacts of a wrongful conviction on an individual but also to illustrate how parts of the criminal justice process have fizzled. An across the nation system of attorneys, columnists an dRead MorePreventing Wrongful Convictions Essay1103 Words   |  5 PagesEvery time an innocent person is exonerated based on DNA testing, law enforcement agencies look at what caused the wrongful convictions. There are many issues that contribute to putting guiltless lives behind bars including: eyewitness misidentification, false confessions, imperfect forensic science, and more (Gould and Leo 18). When a witness is taken into a police station to identify a suspect, it is easy for their memories to be blurred and their judgment influenced. This can lead the witnessRead MoreA Brief Note On Wrongful Conviction And Criminal Justice System1167 Words   |  5 Pagesleading wrongful conviction authority outlines the matter. Wrongful Conviction and Criminal Justice Reform Wrongful Conviction and Criminal Justice Reform, making justice is not a compendium of what has been learned about wrongful convictions since serious scholarship began in the 1980s. Instead, it breaks new ground by expressly examining many of the issues and processes related to wrongful conviction in the light of the policy reform process. The essential for wrongful conviction scholars and forRead MoreWrongfully Convictions2715 Words   |  11 PagesWrongfully Convictions Introduction: Each year, many people that are innocent are dished out short or long term prison term for crimes that they did not commit. These innocent people have been â€Å"wrongfully convicted†. Sometimes these wrongfully convicted charges are unbeknownst to the judge and or jury; other times, they are just wrongfully convicted due to corrupt law enforcement officers. This corrupt issue is very wrong and should be done away with immediately, which is my reason my choosingRead MoreReaction Paper : Picking Cotton1765 Words   |  8 PagesReaction Paper: Picking Cotton Background Story On July 28th of 1984, Jennifer Thompson-Cannino, a 22-year-old college student and another woman was both brutally raped at knife point. During the attack, Thompson was attentive of her attacker’s appearance and anything else notable so if she survived the attack, she could assure the rapist would be caught and punished (prosecuted). Within a few days of the attack, the Burlington Police Department of North Carolina had determined a suspect throughRead MoreThe Wrongful Conviction Of Criminal Justice System1185 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Æ' A conviction of a person accused of a crime which in the result subsequent investigation proves erroneous.It depicts as any conviction which is apparently not committed by the convicted.I have studied many cases that why wrongful conviction has occurred even with doing a systematic probe, having with an affirmation and evidence. The most prominent reason why I did research on it was to knowing the critical reasons that why the public entitled into wrongful conviction and even with having a rigidRead MoreThe Wrongful Conviction Of Wrongful Convictions Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesWrongful convictions Every year, hundreds of people get convicted wrongly as a result of criminal proceedings that are rooted in miscarriage of justice. The defendants are convicted for crimes not committed where errors are not proven until their death or having served a lot of jail time. Wrongful convictions are fueled by false witnesses, incompetence of defense lawyers and inadequate evidence among others. However, with the emergence of forensic DNA in collection of evidence, the rate of wrongfulRead MoreThe Wrongful Convictions Of Innocent Men And Women1611 Words   |  7 Pagesembezzlement, but one thing I found while researching what I should write this paper on is the Wrongful convictions of innocent men and women, that spend years in prison being innocent, and there is nothing that gets done till it’s too late. Some wrongful convictions are honest mistakes, but many times law enforcement and prosecutors lose sight of the obligation of ensuring truth and justice, and are focused on their c onviction rates. As with any job, they are honest people and ones that just don’t care

Scheduling System Free Essays

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Project context Nowadays, computer technology is vast and changing the lives of every walks of life. Almost all of the establishments, business sectors, schools and universities had their own updates of computer technology. This change improves the marketing strategy that makes them globally competitive. We will write a custom essay sample on Scheduling System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Different application had been used and had been improved; most especially when it comes to examination scheduling system. According to the registrar’s the current system of Pan Pacific University North Philippines is not effective in times of posting examination schedule. Some students and teachers are not satisfied about the system that they are using. There are some errors that we need to correct in terms of the time of the examinations period. The current system is also not helping the student’s but they are wasting their time to find their rooms. And also they have a human error that they encountered. The examination scheduling system purposed is to facilitate the preparation of  examination schedules to reduce manual involvement and the amount of time taken to prepare examination schedules. This system is made possible with the creation of a database that collects information pertaining to the examination schedules such as lecturers’ preferences of invigilation dates and time and their constraints. Besides, the system also allows lecturers to provide feedback and any other relevant information to the scheduling committee. This system benefits especially the Administration Office of institutions of PUNP  because it enables them to produce comprehensive examination schedule. The current examination scheduling system of Pan Pacific University North Philippines, Tayug, Campus is the registrar will arrange the scheduled examination for the student’s, it is divided into four terms prelim, midterm, semi-final and final examinations happens in three day examination’s and then the printed output of the examination will be posted on the bulletin board. First the student’s will pay for their tuition fee to be able get a permit in order to take their examination. Then the students’ will check on their assigned scheduled examination subject’s to their assigned date, time, room as well as the proctor of the examination. The developers propose this system to help the school in making a new computerized scheduling examination system. In the three day examination we like to separate the regular and irregular student’s to take their examinations. Company Profile Panpacific University North Philippines, Tayug Campus was formerly known as East Pangasinan Colleges of Science and Technology (ePCST) located at Lopez Jaena Street, TayugPangasinan is a branch of Pangasinan Colleges of Science and Technology main located at Urdaneta City, Pangasinan. It stared its operation in June 2004, Formerly at Bonifacio St. Pangasinan one storey building with seven classrooms excluding its different laboratory rooms. On its 2nd year operation, the number of students became double from 300 to 600 or more. So they started develop new location of the school in preparation on its 3rd year operation located at Lopez Jaena St. Tayug, Pangasinan, because of blooming population of students enrolling in ePCST. As expected on the following year of operation, all student of ePCST moved in Lopez Jaena St. with 20 classrooms and building administration officers. Enrolled number of students doubles especially in Nursing and Care Giving courses. EPCST also offered Montessori courses, BS Elementary Education, BS Computer Science, BS Criminology, BS Information Technology, BS Hotel and Restaurant Management and 2 years TESDA courses. In November 2007, a university is born. EPCST became an affiliate of PUNP main campus, Panpacific University North Philippines, Tayug Campus the number of students grows from hundreds, now a thousands of students. The 20 classrooms were not enough so they build a three storey building with different laboratory rooms for different courses. Misson To sustain educational excellence the PUNP ensures the relevance of aims, content, practices and outcomes of education in a new era of globalization, information technology and knowledge-driven economy through the constant creation of value in every facet of educational experience. Vision The PUNP as the total quality university of choice in the pan pacific rim now and the next century. Quality Policy At PUNP, quality is everyone’s concern and shall permeate every facet of the university, through an institutional way of life that is excellence – driven, value – added, sense – oriented, and customer focused. Purpose and description The purpose of this study is to develop Pan pacific University North Philippines Examination Scheduling System. Storing and printing of the schedules for the examination period. The registrar or instructor is encountering a major problems, one of the purpose of the proposed system is to eliminate problems of the registrar or instructor. The authorized instructor is only type a schedule manually in Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel. The proposed system will change the traditional way of posting schedule in bulletin board. It will automatically get the schedule easily. Objectives of the study The main objective of the study is to develop a computerized examination scheduling system for the students of Panpacific University North Philippines of Tayug,Campus. This study aims to achieve the following: 1. The current system of Panpacific University North Philippines scheduling they are using manual arranging schedule examination. 2. This system is to help the registrars to organize the schedule for the student’s examination. 3. To make easier to access their subject schedules during examination. Statement of the Problem The main problem of the study is to designed develop an Examination Scheduling System of Panpacific University North Philippines Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions; 1. What are the difficulties encountered in the existing during examination scheduling by: a. Admin b. Faculty c. Students 2. What are the features of the proposed system? 3. What are the security measures and control to adopt in the proposal system? Significance of the Study The significance and importance to the field of computer aided design system and information system. The following entities shall benefit from the study: To the Panpacific University North Philippines. This study will be a tool for the administration to help them organized the schedule examinations for the students. To the students. This study will help them to check their schedules for examination period. To the Instructors. This study will serve as an efficient tool for the educator’s to know exactly the assigned areas. To the proponents. This study will benefit the students, instructors and also the registrar to minimize their work. To the future proponents. This study will benefit the future students’ of Panpacific University North Philippines,Tayug ,Campus on getting their schedule for their examination’s. Scope and Limitation The study is focused on Examination Scheduling System of the College students of Panpacific University North Philippines Tayug, Campus. The system is only limited in displaying the course of different students. The scope of the study includes searching and printing the examination schedule of the students. The study also authorized personnel or the registrars to access and use the system. How to cite Scheduling System, Essay examples

Management Accounting Budget and the Presidency

Question: Discuss about the Management Accounting for Budget and the presidency. Answer: Introduction Financial accounting is compulsory for the company and should be prepared because it is meant for the outsiders, which would provide information and help in taking investment decisions (Markowitz 2014). It is prepared at the end of every financial year whereas management accounting is not compulsory to the organization and it is prepared as per the organizations needs. The given report will analyze different aspects for financial accounting. Need for investing in the latest software of management and financial accounting The company having diversified activities in both manufacturing and service sectors has to upgrade itself according to the changing situation of demand. The company is planning to make investment in latest software of financial and management accounting. This need for taking decision would be discussed following the explanation of the differences between the two areas. (Chiu and Choi 2013). The following points differentiate the financial accounting form the management accounting: The system of accounting reveals the financial position of the company by focusing on its financial statements to the outside parties so that they can form a judgment about the companys financial health and accordingly take the investment decision. (Hamidullah 2015). On the other hand, management accounting is that system of accounting, which assists the managers in taking business decisions such as framing the strategies, policies and plan by providing relevant qualitative and quantitative information. Financial accounting dealt with the outside or third parties as well as with the internal management but management accounting is needed only for the internal management. (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). For examples, management accounting deals with direct raw materials, wages, overhead and financial accounting focus on accounting issues, GAAP, IFRS, etc. In the technologically advance era, software plays a vital role in maintaining and preparing financial records and also for analysis and forecasting purposes (Mitrokotsa and Dimitrakakis 2013). If the company invests in the latest software, this software would help in predicting and creating the financials and the budget would be created accurately using the software. The budget can be formulated by processing the data and dissemination of the digital information (Berman 2015). There are other advantage of adopting the latest software as this would help the management accountants to save their time in calculating lengthy information and release them form the burden. Evaluation of the importance of classification of costs in business decision making Classification of costs The classification of costs is immensely important to the business as it would enable them to expand and progress the business by controlling the costs. Two major costs are direct and indirect costs. The management classifies the costs on various parameters, because they have to make choices among alternative courses of action and they are constantly faced with that (Weil et al. 2013). The classification of costs provides the management with the relevant and indispensable information for pricing of the product and measuring the income. Classification would help in measuring the efficiency of the organization by identifying the place and the amount of cost which have been incurred. Different types of costs can be further explained with the help of the following table:- Classification of costs Types Direct and indirect costs Direct costs can be classified as manufacturing costs. On the other hand, indirect costs are related to costs incurred from production of any kind of goods and services Function Production and Non-production Production costs can be classified into direct labor, direct material and factory overhead. On the other hand, non-production costs can be classified into selling and administrative expenses. Relevance Opportunity costs and Future costs Opportunity costs can be classified as value of an alternative activity, when the other alternative has been selected. On the other hand, future costs can be classified as an estimated forecast of future value of an activity. Behavior Fixed, semi variable and step costs Fixed costs are those, whose value remains unchanged over a period of time. Semi-variable costs are those expenses which contain criteria of both fixed and variable costs. On the other hand, step cost is a cost that does not change by a large amount even if the volume changes. The fixed and variable cost can be explained using a graph (refer to appendix 1). The fixed cost is represented as the horizontal line as it remains fixed at different levels of production. However, the variable cost is represented using the rising straight line as the cost changes with change in the level of production. Again, the step costs are essentially semi-fixed costs that remain constant over a specific range of output and thereafter increase with attainment of the critical level of output. The step can also be explained using a graph as presented in the appendix (Refer to appendix 2) Table 1: Classification of costs (Source: Berman 2015) Cost Control The cost of control can be explained using examples: Say, the material costs- by classifying the cost as material, the organization would be able to reduce and control the cost of material by standardizing the materials to be used and avoiding its wastes (Patterson and Hennessy 2013). Now, by classifying the costs based on overhead, the organization can ascertain the costs incurred under various heads and accordingly plan to reduce the costs incurred. Also, by classifying the coasts as labor costs, the organization can find out the costs incurred in employing labors. A business needs to be well acquainted with the area where the expenses is being incurred relating to the product manufacturing so that the budget can be prepared easily. The organization prepares the budget accordingly when the costs is classified. Costs classification would enable the management in setting up the program related to cost control so that the expenses are kept within the budget (DRURY 2013). This is done by clearly creating a difference between the areas where the saving is possible and the areas where the expenses are not flexible. Now if we classify the costs as per volume so this cost relationship to volume is very vital in measuring the performance, costing of the product and influence decision variables. Some of the cost is classified as relevant costs because they are considered appropriate for making the management decisions which are specific. Costs would neither be underestimated nor be overestimated as the costs have been assigned to proper department based on cost classification (Chiu and Choi 2013). Say for example, the costs, which have been incurred in the polishing department, are different from costs incurred in running a department of machinery. The costs, which are actually incurred in these departments, can be easily estimated. According to Berman (2015), classifying the costs would help in allocating the costs to the cost center and apportioning to the right costs unit and this would help in tracking the source where the costs have been incurred. One of the aid in the preparation of the financial statement is ascertaining the cost data which are accurate, so if the cost is classified, then the various overhead costs, prime costs and other costs can be easily find out. Therefore, the total production cost in the organization can also be ascertained which would be relevant in preparing the financial accounts. Classification also provides the useful information in adopting the proper method for accounting. Objectives of preparation of budgets The budget is created using various variables and this can be useful in measuring and evaluating the performance of the employees. The variances form the budget is used to measure the performance (Gandhi et al. 2015). Budget is also used for measuring and monitoring the actual performance of the business by comparing the actual performance with the forecasted. Budget is used by the managers to control the various activities and it act as a mechanism of control which is used for controlling the availability of resources and activities within an organization (Hamidullah 2015). The variances can be highlighted form the control and the management can take remedial actions so that the objectives relating to the budget policies are met. The strategic plans of the management are implemented by planning in very detailed way, which is produced in the budget. (Weil et al. 2013). Budgeting process would motivate the managers and encourage them to take the actions regarding the future operations and refining the existing plans and the way of handling the changing situations. Operational budget is a budgeting process followed by the company which helps them in estimating the income it would make and a detailed plan of its short term expenses (Hill and Hill 2012). The various types of operating budgets are as follows: Expense budget- One of the operational budget is expense budget which documents the expenses which have been expected during the period of budgeting (Weil et al. 2013). It includes the estimated cost of overhead and also the labor and material costs involved in the production. Revenue budget- Another form of operational budget is for judging the marketing and sales effectiveness. The variable included in preparing this budget is the quantity of sales made and the price of the product or goods sold (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Profit budget- It is also known as market budget. The managers who have the responsibility of managing the revenue as well as costs of their unit use this budget. It includes the schedules prepared for the coming year and the projected financial statement and it is regarded as the plan for annual profits. The objectives of preparing the operational budgets are to anticipate that whether the expenses of the budget have been adequately prepared. It also helps in controlling the activities across various units (Markowitz 2014). Using this budget, managers would be able to control the service, advertising and training of personnel in terms of the quantity and quality. This would have an indirect affect on the volume of sales and help the management in estimating the volume of sales so that all the departments would perform efficiently. Illustration of the use of standard costs for variance analysis and favorable and adverse variance Use of standard cost for variance analysis A standard cost may be described as costs, which are predetermined, and it is estimated so as to manufacture a product or to perform a service. It correlated the quality of material and labor to the technical specifications. Standard cost makes use of variance accounting for the purpose of valuing work in progress and stocks and thus providing a basis for control mechanism (Mitrokotsa and Dimitrakakis 2013). The standard of cost for the activities is established through the standard costing and it is a tool for controlling the costs Let us consider an example to explain the variance analysis. Suppose that an organization estimates its labor costs to be $ 2.5 per unit at the beginning of the year. In addition, this estimate is established by the cost analysts, engineers or by looking at the trends of past experience. Now, say the actual costs incurred be $ 3 per unit. Now, when a comparison is made between the standard cost set and the actual cost incurred, then there is a deviation of $ 0.5.Variance analysis is nothing but the deviation of the actual cost with that of the standard. This deviation or the variability of costs enables the management in coming to the conclusion that whether they have been successful in controlling the costs (Parambath et al. 2014). In addition, the costs are evaluated on the basis of its favorability and unfavoribility. If the standard costs are less than the actual costs incurred then it is regarded as unfavorable variance and on the other hand, if the actual costs incurred are les s than the standard costs then it is regarded as favorable variance. Favorable and adverse variance Favorable variance would indicate that there is a difference between the planned and the actual results and it is called favorable because it is in favor of the business (Gandhi et al. 2015). This can affect the business performance in terms, say for example the business has experienced profits increase and this can be either attributed to increased actual revenue or because of the decreased actual costs. Unfavorable variance is also the difference between the actual outcomes and the established standards of costing (Patterson and Hennessy 2013). Such deviation is not favorable to the business. Say for example the company has experienced a decreased profit and this can be attributed to the increased actual costs, that is the costs which are incurred actually is more than the expected or standards costs set in the budget. This variance can be analyzed in terms of revenue or sales considering the costs (Mitrokotsa and Dimitrakakis 2013). Conclusion It can be concluded that there are different types of costs or variances that form the basis of management accounting. Analyzing the variance serves many functions and has importance in evaluating the business performance. It helps in setting a benchmark and act as a mechanisms to control the costs. It can be also concluded that operating budget is a tool for estimating the revenue and expenses of the companies and make itself prepare in advance for dealing with any kind of variations. The current report also helps in identifying with the importance of investments in software in financial and management accounting. Therefore, this report helps in understanding that budgets can help the corporation to avoid over spending and provides balance. Again, the variance between the budget and the actual figure can help the management in adjusting the overall strategy of the company. The present report also helps in gaining a comprehensive understanding regarding the importance of the classifi cation of costs to the business as it helps in expansion and improvement of the business by controlling the costs. References Berman, L., 2015. The Office of Management and Budget and the presidency, 1921-1979. Princeton University Press. Chiu, C.H. and Choi, T.M., 2013. Supply chain risk analysis with mean-variance models: a technical review. Annals of Operations Research, pp.1-19. DRURY, C.M., 2013. Management and cost accounting. Springer. Gandhi, N.M., Spaulding, J. and McDonald, G., 2015. BUDGET GROWTH, SPENDING, AND INEQUALITY IN DC, 20022013. Capital Dilemma: Growth and Inequality in Washington, p.159. Hamidullah, M., 2015, November. Revenue Structure and Nonprofit Budget Distribution Behavior. In 2015 Fall Conference: The Golden Age of Evidence-Based Policy. Appam. Hill, A. and Hill, T., 2012. Operations management. Palgrave Macmillan. Hofstede, G.H. ed., 2012. The game of budget control. Routledge. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015. Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Markowitz, H., 2014. Meanvariance approximations to expected utility. European Journal of Operational Research, 234(2), pp.346-355. Mitrokotsa, A. and Dimitrakakis, C., 2013. Intrusion detection in MANET using classification algorithms: The effects of cost and model selection. Ad Hoc Networks, 11(1), pp.226-237. Parambath, S.P., Usunier, N. and Grandvalet, Y., 2014. Optimizing F-measures by cost-sensitive classification. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (pp. 2123-2131). Patterson, D.A. and Hennessy, J.L., 2013. Computer organization and design: the hardware/software interface. Newnes. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013. Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.

Allan Yashinski Essay Example

Allan Yashinski Paper Allan Yashinski is currently a Temporary Assistant Professor and a postdoc in mathematics at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Earlier he worked as a Graduate Teaching Assistant at Pennsylvania State University. He received his B.S. in Mathematics with highest honors from the Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA in 2007. Coursework is fulfilling the Computer Science major in the Bachelor of Arts degree program also has been completed. Later he received his Ph.D. in Mathematics from Pennsylvania State University in 2013, where his adviser was Nigel Higson. Mr. Yashinski is a co-organizer of the weekly Noncommutative Geometry Seminar at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. He also was a co-organizer of the Student Noncommutative Geometry and Mathematical Physics Seminar at Pennsylvania State University. Allan Yashinski participated in a panel of instructors who discussed the preparedness of students after their first two semesters of calculus at the Teaching Seminar, Life after Math 141. He served as a teaching assistant to Prof. Anton Petrunin for the Mathematics Advanced Study Semesters program at Pennsylvania State University, a unique mathematics program for advanced undergraduates from across the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Allan Yashinski specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Allan Yashinski specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Allan Yashinski specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Allan Yashinski has a number of awards and honors, such as The President’s Award for Distinguished Academic Achievement at Bucknell University, The Bucknell Prize in Computer Science at Bucknell University, Phi Beta Kappa at Bucknell University chapter, and Pi Mu Epsilon Society Prize, Bucknell University, that is awarded to the member of the graduating class whose work in mathematics has been outstanding. He was also awarded University Graduate Fellowship and Department of Mathematics Graduate Assistant Teaching Award at Pennsylvania State University. Mr. Yashinski was also nominated for the Harold F. Martin Graduate Assistant Outstanding Teaching Award at Pennsylvania State University, and Excellence in Teaching Award, University of Hawaii at Manoa. Professor Allan Yashinski has wide scientific interests. His researchers are focused on noncommutative geometry, deformations of algebras, cyclic cohomology, K-theory, index theory, and operator algebras. He is also working in the area of the behavior of cyclic cohomology and K-theory under deformations of algebras.

Labeling Theory Essays - Criminology, Social Philosophy, Free Essays

Labeling Theory Essays - Criminology, Social Philosophy, Free Essays Labeling Theory Labeling Theory Labeling theory is associated with Howard Becket and was introduced in 1963. Labeling theory is the theory of deviance that views deviance as a label assigned to behavior and individuals by particular figures of authority. That means that no one is actually a deviant and no action is deviant unless specified by society. The acts that are considered deviant today, may be acceptable or even normal tomorrow or in another part of the world. This theory doesnt plausibly explain Nevet and Begonias behavior. Strain Theory French sociologist Emile Durkheim (1858 1917) used the term anomie to describe a state of normlessness in society, when many people are unclear as to the expectations others have of them (Durkheim, 1951). The importance of Durkheims study for an understanding of deviance is his focus on the way a society can actually create strains in the lives of its individual members. Anomie theory in essence states that deviant behavior is encouraged by strains builkt into the very fabric or society. Durkheims concept was borrowed from American sociologist Robert Merton in his study of deviance. Merton (1956) analyzed societal strains by pointing out the variety of ways that people might respond to such strain. As the strains occur in all walks of life so too do the (often-deviant) adaptations. The rebellion response to strain explains Nevet and Begonias action by offering that they were encouraged to act deviantly because there was so much strain of them to be perfect

Public's Responsibilities toward Nature and the Environment Essay

Public's Responsibilities toward Nature and the Environment - Essay Example With the ascent of human civilization and technological progress, the equations of power have been skewed somewhat, whereby we now have unprecedented capability to self-destruct. In this context, the pressing question is how should humans utilize their newly acquired powers in dealing with the broader nature? The rest of this essay will argue in support of the view that unless we revere and respect nature, we are paving way for our own ultimate destruction. Â  As Barbara Ehrenreich points out in her article The Myth of Man as Hunter, for much of our history as a species, we have been the prey rather than the predator. It is only as recently as 40,000 years ago that we invented primitive tools necessary for killing wild animals. Even then, it is only in the last two-hundred years or so that we achieved significant mastery over other life forms on earth (Ehrenreich, 1993). But today, we could hardly claim to be living a peaceful existence, for the threats from geological and climatic forces of nature are as real as ever before. Our population levels are also at an all-time high and soon there will come a time when the planet can no longer support all its inhabitants. This would lead to resource wars, a collapse of law and order and a general decline in culture and civilization. Â  One could glean from Ehrenreich’s article that after being prey animals for long, human beings have gone overboard in exercising their recently acquired dominion over other life forms. With their newfound prowess, humans have over-indulged in hunting, fishing and farming activities which are proving to self-detrimental. Further, in the article titled The Last Fish, authors Daniel Pauly & Reg Watson expound a specific example of this general tendency, namely the practice of over-fishing.

The whole secret of life is to be interested in one thing profoundly Thesis

The whole secret of life is to be interested in one thing profoundly and a thousand other things well Hugh Walpole - Thesis Example While there are many such people in the market, only few of them succeed. Google set a new milestone in online searching, Microsoft paved the way for home computing and the Body shop by Anita Roddick succeeded only because it focused on eco-friendly beauty products. History speaks volumes about the above quoted words too. Thomas Alva Edison, the American inventor and businessman succeeded in giving the world the light bulb only because he was interested in one thing profoundly. He was keen on experimenting and continued to do it with great passion. Records stated that when Edison failed for a thousand times, he did not say he failed. He said that he knew of a thousand ways not to make a light bulb. Had it not been profound interest for one thing, Edison would have given up his experiments and considered his life a failure. We would not have benefited so soon from a light bulb and would not have remembered him with the great reverence that we do today. Even great leaders like Mahatma Gandhi could help India gain freedom only through constant interest in working towards it. Had these men been diverted with various interests, they would never have been able to put their heart and mind into huge successes. The quoted words hold good in our personal lives too. Success is achieved when one does not spread oneself too thin, staying focused on work helps accomplish it and the secret of living life to the fullest and to the happiest comes only from being the king of one's empire. Antithesis While the above statements portray the goodness in Hugh Walpole's statements, the same is not always true. In today's changing times, where there is throat cutting competition and one has to be ahead of the other in the mad race of life, statements like the one made by Hugh Walpole have their own shortcomings. If we were to be profoundly interested in one thing with a general interest in other things we would not get ahead in life. If a businessman, for example, just takes deep passion for selling cell phones, he would do well. However in order to succeed, he would need to take an equal interest in understanding the needs of the market (business researching), new product launches (technology), caring for employees (organizational behavior), caring for customers etc. Unless all these aspects are not looked after, with equal interest and enthusiasm, the organization and the businessman are doomed to lesser degree of success. Thus while the above examples of Google, Microsoft and the Bo dy shop did take into consideration their core areas, they gave equal importance to a million other issues. That is also the reason all large organizations have different departments (like HR, research, marketing, product development, customer care) and equal importance is given to all of them. History also leads us to believe this to be true. Thomas Alva Edison could give the world great inventions because he had profound interest in one thing. But let us not forget that even during his times, when there was not much competitiveness, he had profound interest in business too, which led him to form the General Electric. Had he not been able to let the world know of his inventions and market them through the organization, it would have possible that someone else would have taken the credit for

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critique - Essay Example We were all excited because it not only took us out of the confines of the classroom but also gave us opportunity to enjoy getting wet in the rains! Our walk through the history was a real eye opener because it kept attracting people to join our small group. At each of the destination, the number of people increased and finally when we reached Brown Island Park, we were actually part of a big crowd. It was highly satisfying because our walk had served to motivate other people, including the young and the old who were similarly inclined to explore the socio-cultural history of Richmond. Most interesting was the fact that rain had absolutely failed to deter the history enthusiasts who had kept their zeal till the end. I can thus confidently assert that ‘walking tours’ are highly relevant in the contemporary times because it inspires people to learn from history. Historical places and documents showcase a country’s inheritances of its socio-cultural values that have traversed time and help inculcate sense of national pride. I tremendously enjoyed the walk and learnt that knowing our history is important part of development. (words: 282)

Key Points Of Adam Smith David Ricardo Economics Essay

Key Points Of Adam Smith David Ricardo Economics Essay The classical writers of the eighteen and nineteen century when offering definitions of their science expressed themselves about the nature of the economic in two distinct ways. They could define the subject known as political economy. Or having defined the political economy as the science of wealth, they could proceed to set forth the nature of that wealth with which it was maintained that economics is concerned. (Israel M. Kirzner, The Economic Point of View, p 13). The earliest classical economist adopted the description of the economic side of affairs in terms of wealth, but developments narrowed down the concept of wealth to the idea of material wealth of mankind. The attitude toward the utility of economic inquiries in elevation of wealth became an object of scientific study. Investigations that aims finding the means of enriching people and the sovereign; discovering laws of governing and to make the nation wealthy. From the beginning alternative suggestions were made by the e conomists themselves about what should and what should not be included under the heading of wealth. Adam Smith in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, 1776, explains that the free market, while appearing chaotic and unrestrained, is actually guided to produce the right amount and variety of goods by a so-called invisible hand. He argued that self-interested competition in the free market would tend to benefit society as a whole by keeping prices low, while still building in an incentive for a wide variety of goods and services. An often-quoted passage from The Wealth of Nations is: It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest. We address ourselves, not to their humanity but to their self-love, and never talk to them of our own necessities but of their advantages.(Adam Smith, p.  18). Smith believed that economic development was best fostered in an environment of free competition. Smith saw no role for government in economic life but believed that the government should enforce contracts and grant patents and copyrights to encourage inventions and new ideas. He also thought that the government should provide public works, such as roads and bridges that, he assumed, would not be worthwhile for individuals to provide. Interestingly, though, he wanted the users of such public works to pay in proportion to their use. Value theory was important in classical theory. Smith wrote that the real price of one thing is the labor and difficulty of acquiring it as influenced by its scarcity. Smith also believed that the main cause of prosperity was increasing division of labor. It would affect a great increase in productivity, one example he used was the making of pins. One worker could probably make only twenty pins per day. However, if ten people divided up the eighteen steps required making a pin, they could make a combined amount of 48,000 pins in one day (Adam Smith, ch. 1). Smith claimed that an individual would invest a resource-for example, land or labor-so as to earn the highest possible return on it. Consequently, all uses of the resource must yield an equal rate of return (adjusted for the relative riskiness of each enterprise), otherwise reallocation would result. Smith used this insight on equality of returns to explain why wage rates differed. Wage rates would be higher, he argued, for trades that were more difficult to learn, because people would not be willing to learn them if they were not compensated by a higher wage. Similarly, wage rates would also be higher for those who engaged in dirty or unsafe occupations, such as coal mining and butchering. In short, differences in work were compensated by differences in pay. David Ricardo another classical economist wrote his famous work Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, (1817). Ricardo continued to work on value theory (ch. 1). He explains the labor theory of value that the relative price of two goods is determined by the ratio of the quantities of labor required in their production. He demonstrates that prices do not correspond to this value; he retained the theory, however as an approximation. His labor theory of value, however, required several assumptions: 1- both sectors have the same wage rate and the same profit rate; 2- the capital employed in production is made up of wages only; 3- the period of production has the same length for both goods. Ricardo himself realized that the second and third assumptions were quite unrealistic and hence admitted two exceptions to his labor theory of value: 1- production periods may differ; 2- the two production processes may employ instruments and equipment as capital and not just wages, and in very different proportions. In his book, Ricardos concept of rent is laid out. Due to variation in scarcity of land, some land pays a higher monopoly value due to its scarcity than other land. Ricardo labels Rent as the portion of individual benefit, that accrues to scarce, resources such as land or gold or houses that is over and above any socially beneficial exchange (ch. 2). If all land were equally situated, however scarce, one could determine that all market exchange of the produce thereof was free and equal and that the exact value of the trade was conveyed simultaneously to both parties and to society. Ricardo extrapolates the problem of monopolistic rent to other situations/resources that are fundamentally scarce: land or gold. Like Adam Smith, Ricardo was also an opponent in the field of a nations trade protectionism policy. In this book Ricardo introduces the theory of comparative advantage (ch. 28). According to this theory, even if a country could produce everything more efficiently than another country, it would reap gains from specializing in what it was best at producing and trading with other nations. The benefits of comparative advantage are both distributional and related to improved real income. Ricardo believed that wages should be left to free completion. . Another idea developed by Ricardo is Ricardian EquivalenceArtComComputers2010-09-04T09:20:00 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian_equivalence#Introduction, is an economic theory that suggests consumers internalise the governments budget constraints and thus the timing of any tax change does not affect their change in spending. Consequently, Ricardian equivalence suggests that it does not matter whether a government finances its spending with debt or a tax increase, the effect on total level of demand in an economy being the same. Ricardo believed that in the long run, prices reflect the cost of production. The price of an object is determined by the sum of the costs of the resources that went into making it, and referred to this long run price as a Natural price. The natural price of labor was the cost of its production that cost of maintaining the laborer. If wages correspond to the natural price of labor, then wages would be at subsistence level. In his Theory of Profit, Ricardo stated that as real wages  increase, real profits decrease because the revenue from the sale of manufactured goods is split between profits and wages. He assumed in his Essay on ProfitsArtComComputers2010-09-03T16:28:00 http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/ricardo/profits.txt, 1815 that profits depend on high or low wages, wages on the price of necessaries, and the price of necessaries chiefly on the price of food. We will treat the economic definitions of another classical writer John Stuart Mill in his writing Essays on Some Unsettled Questions on Political Economy, 1844 as below. -If a country produces both commodities with greater facilities or both with greater difficulty in exactly the same degree, then there will be no motive for exchange. On the other side if they have advantage in producing some commodities, then through commerce the nations can benefit both if each one will specialize in producing those commodities. So a country, by devoting all inputs in the production of goods which their advantage is greatest and give for exchange to the foreign country, would obtain a greater return from labor and capital. But in what proportion the two countries would share the advantage of trade? The problem is concerning about of proportion of goods in exchange, thus exchangeable value or price, regulated by the demand and supply to respective importing and exporting countries. The costs of carriage, tariffs, and taxes are deductive to gain advantage. So two countries would have equal shares of benefit of trade if cost of transportation and other barriers would not exist, otherwise the gross gain is divided in unequal ratio. So a country through the legislative policy can affect the benefits from foreign commerce. As conclusion we may say that a country gains most from the foreign commerce as much as are the foreign needs for its products (Essay I: On the Laws of Interchange Commercial Between Nations and Gain of Commerce Among of Commercial World). A great and rapid consumption leading to an extensive demand, fast circulation and big spending of money was conceived to be the great conditions of prosperity. But consumption is of two kinds: reproductive and unproductive and the first augments to the national wealth while the second weaken it. What is consumed for unproductive is gone for present enjoyment, but what is consumed for reproductive consumption leaves commodities of equal value, commonly with addition of a profit (Essay II: Of the Influence of Consumption on Production). -The phrases productive labor and productive consumption has been used by writers of political economy considering all the labor which serves for useful purposes and consumption which is not waste- in a limited sense productive of wealth. When it is uncertain to which of the two classes (productive and unproductive) an object belongs then should be distinguished characteristics and usage of it. All workmen that work in producing or giving value to things and functionaries positions who have invested to their skills are included in productive labor. The settled classification definitions were used for determining their consequences in economy. A country is enriched in proportion to the amount of the productive labor and consumption and impoverished in proportion of unproductive labor and capital (Essay III: On the Words Productive and Unproductive). -Profit is the surplus which remains to the capitalists after replacing his capital in a gain purpose process. The rate of profit depends on the ratio between the price and proportion of labor, materials, tools and the produce of them; upon the proportionate share of the produce of industry. David RicardoArtComComputers2010-08-11T16:32:00 On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817 said that profits depend upon wages: it increases when wages fall and decreases when wages rise. When he says rise of wages it is meant an increase in the cost of production of wages or an increase in the number of hours. So as we can see it is strictly true, that the rate of profits varies inversely with the cost of wages. Rate of profit can increase if: there is an increase of population beyond the capital; improvements in labor efficiency and new entrance successive technologies. The producer, who borrows capital to employ in his business, will pay for the use of it (the interest). There are variations in the market-rate of interest from day to day establishing the actual rate from the movement of demand and supply. The rate of interest has the increase tendency if there is a big demand, low supply, low security individual loan or industry and specific situations. The difference between the profit which can be made by the u se of capital and the interest which will be paid for it is characterized as wages of superintendence (for the risk and labor for carrying business). Interest and wages of superintendence are in the same inverse relation as wages and profits are (Essay IV: On the Words Profit and Interest). -Adam SmithArtComComputers2010-08-11T17:39:00 Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. gives a definition that Political Economy is a science which teaches or gives the means and laws of making a nation rich. It has included individual decisions connected with the ideas and feelings in man- forming part of a union or aggregations. John S. MillArtComComputers2010-08-11T17:53:00 Essays on Some Unsettled questions of Political Economy. gives another more complete definition of Political Economy: -The science which treats of the production and distribution of wealth so far as they depend upon the laws of human nature, or -The science relating to the moral or psychological laws of the production and distribution of wealth. Under the influence of this desire it shows operations of: accumulating wealth, employing that wealth, producing other wealth under the influence of competition, governed by laws, sanctioning by mutual agreements, establishing laws etc. The science proceeds to investigate the laws which govern several operations on acquisition of wealth (Essay V: On the Definition of the Political Economy and on the Method of Investigation Proper to it).

Childhood Memories of Dad :: Descriptive Writing Examples

Cold winters, hot summers, pokey gravel, darkness, inconvenient tools and deterioration of the old hotrods. All of this came to an abrupt hault when a father and son's dream became a reality. A place of our own to operate without distractions. A place to bring our thoughts together and mechanically reconstruct cars and repair them within our own limits. This place that my dad and I started building would be known as "The Shop" or a.k.a. "Hopshop." This shop is the last project that my dad started and I was going to finish it. It all started by excavating the ground that would one-day support this shop. The shop plans had been previously made and were followed exactly. After the concrete was poured and steel beams were secured, it was ready to put the metal siding on. Within the concrete is our handprints and names, which makes it even more special to me. This sturdy architecture was unable to be finished because of the lack of expenses, after my dad's death. After that cold lonely winter, leading to the on coming year flew by very swiftly. I finally overcame my fear and decided that it was time to step up and find the will to complete the project. It took some time and money, but finally it was completed. It included automatic garage doors, sophisticated lighting system, a pellet stove for the cold winters and an air conditioner for the scorching summer. I moved all of our air tools, craftsman wrenches, sockets, vises, grinders, and the vehicles. In addition to the shop, there are things within the shop that have stories to them, making it what it is, such as the toolbox, Mustang, and Bronco. The Mustang was my dad's and it has been his since it was first manufactured. We were going to restore it to its original look that was established from my dad's artistic ability. Designing it with gloss black and flames coming from both fender wells. It had 20 inch racing slicks with a 4:11 positive track pushing 400 horses with its 302 boss engine. I remember how it used to smell, like hot dust leather and it used to suck me back in the seat almost giving me whiplash. We called The "Stang." It has been wrecked but only has a minor dent in its front right fender. The engine is now in my dad's 79 Ford but the

Economic Growth Essay

There are different drivers of economic growth into country and research has to some extent also demonstrated that it can be associated with typical characteristics of the country too. Explaining economic growth through a relatively new theory of endogenous growth suggest that policy measures, if taken properly, can result into long term benefits for the country and that the country does not necessarily need to rely on the external or exogenous factors such as technological innovation. The neo-classical models of growth advocated that in order to attain a consistent long term economic growth, a consistent change into the technological advances such as new processes, new goods and new markets etc must take place. (Aghion et. al, 1998). It has always been believed that high investment and saving rates in any country tend to sustain high economic growth in that country and that coupled with relatively stable economic outlook, a higher saving rate can significantly result into greater economic growth because a larger pool of funds will be available to the firms, in the shape of household savings, that can be utilized to the best possible efficiency. It is also imperative to discuss here that the trends of saving markedly differ in developing as well as developed countries as developing countries tend to have high saving rates due to relatively smaller propensity to consume of the general masses. Since developing countries do no possess the strong manufacturing base therefore consumption tends to be relatively low as compared to the developed countries and people prefer to save rather than spend. (Aghevli, at. al, 1990) One of the most important aspects of economic growth is how the saving rates in a country shape and how they with respect to the different economic variables. However, over the period of time, research has also demonstrated that saving rates show a correlation with different economic variables in any given country. Though the same characteristics may be find over some regions however it is still believed that country’s individual characteristics such as demographics, rule of law, public finances, also show some relationship with the saving rates. It has been also successfully demonstrated that the saving rates are uneven across the countries confirming to the argument that saving rates respond to certain characteristics which may be typical of that country or region however in a study conducted by Hondroyiannis (2006) suggested that â€Å"A long-run saving function sensitive to dependency ratio, old dependency ratio, liquidity, public finances, real disposable income growth, real interest rate and inflation is found to exist†(Hondroyiannis,2006) in European countries. Thus, to some extent, it can be easily inferred that the saving rates in a particular country or a region show some related characteristics and tend to get affected by different so called country specific characteristics however the impact is in long run with little or no impact been witnessed on the short run saving rates within any country. One of the most interesting findings of the research also suggest that the government savings, in any particular country, are not particularly exogenous in nature and respond to the political as well as economic determinants of the country. (Edwards,1996). This cross country analysis conducted by Edwards strongly suggested that public savings in countries with higher degree of political instability are lower than the countries with relatively stable political situation at hand. References 1. Philippe Aghion, Peter Howitt, Maxine Brant-Collett, Cecilia Garcia-Penalosa (1998). Endogenous Growth Theory. New York: MIT Press. 694. 2. George Hondroyiannis. (2006). Private saving determinants in European countries: A panel cointegration approach . The Social Science Journal. 43 (4), 553-569 . 3. Sebastian Edwards. (1996). Why are Latin America’s Savings Rates So Low? An International Comparative Analysis. Journal of Development Economics,. 51 (1), 5-44. 4. Bijan B. Aghevli, James M. Boughton, Peter J. Montiel, Del Villanueva (1990). The Role of National Saving in the World Economy. New York: International Monetary Fund. 64.

The Definition of Popular Culture in Sociology

The Definition of Popular Culture in Sociology Popular culture is the accumulation of cultural products such as music, art, literature, fashion, dance, film, cyberculture, television and radio that are consumed  by the majority of a societys population. Popular culture has  mass accessibility and appeal. The term popular culture was coined in the 19th century or earlier. Traditionally, it was associated with lower classes and poor education as opposed to the official culture of the upper class. The Rise of Popular Culture After the end of World War II, innovations in mass media led to significant cultural and social changes. Scholars trace the origins of the  rise of popular culture to the creation of the middle class generated by the Industrial Revolution. The meaning of popular culture then began to merge with that of mass culture, consumer culture, image culture,  media culture and culture for mass consumption. John Storey and Popular Culture There are two opposing sociological arguments in relation to popular culture. One argument is that popular culture is used by the elites (who tend to control the mass media and popular culture outlets) to control those below them because it dulls people’s minds, making them passive and easy to control. A second argument is just the opposite, that popular culture is a vehicle for rebellion against the culture of dominant groups. In his book, Cultural Theory and Popular Culture, John Storey offers six different definitions of popular culture. In one definition, Storey describes mass or popular culture as a hopelessly commercial culture [that is] mass-produced for mass consumption [by] a mass of non-discriminating consumers.†Ã‚  He further states that popular culture is â€Å"formulaic [and] manipulative,† not unlike how he views the process of advertising.  A product or brand has to be â€Å"sold† to an audience before it can be entrenched in mass or popular culture; by bombarding society with it, it then finds its place in popular culture. Britney Spears is a good example of this definition; her road to stardom and place in popular culture were based on marketing strategies to build look along with her fan base. As a result, she generated millions of fans, her songs were played frequently on numerous radio stations, and she went on to sell out concerts and garner the publics fascination with her meltdown. Like the creation of Britney Spears, pop culture almost always depends on mass production for mass consumption because we rely on mass media to get our information and shape our interests. Pop Culture vs. High Culture Pop culture is the culture of the people and it is accessible to the masses. High culture, on the other hand, isnt meant for mass consumption nor is it readily available to everyone. It belongs to the social elite. The fine arts, theater, opera, intellectual pursuits -   these are associated with the upper socioeconomic strata and require more a high brow approach, training or reflection to be appreciated. Elements from this realm rarely cross over into pop culture. As such, high culture is considered sophisticated while popular culture is often looked down upon as being superficial.

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed Essays

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed Essays Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed Paper Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed Paper The first novel that I finished reading was Jurassic Park, by Michael Chriton. That was the first book that captivated my imagination and brought me into the world of reading. I noticed that the book was far better than the movie. My imagination could take me any where and my mind painted extraordinary pictures of hundreds of beautiful dinosaurs walking along side fully developed characters with whom I could relate to. I felt their fear, joy, and even sadness. All I can say is that I was addicted, and I kept on reading. Since than, I have read hundreds of books. I treat the books I read with a lot of caution. Like everyone else, I feel that my time is very precious. If I invest my time into reading, than the reading must yield some sort of profit. As Samuel Patterson once put it, Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen. My best friends are friends from whom I might be able to gain some wisdom. The literature I choose to read must contain some wisdom that I can gain. The first book I read where I felt that I had truly gained some wisdom was, Platos Republic. I spent months reading the book. I slowly digest every single word that Socrates had spoken. Even though the book was nearly 3,000 years old, every single idea was totally new to me. I learned about justice, freedom, war, the good, the bad, politics, hate, love, god, and so much more. I was able to incorporate many of those ideas in the world we live in today. For a short time, I studied the Socratic Method, and tried to incorporate his style of conversation with my friends. The book was a book of wisdom. In some ways, it could even be a guide on how to live your life. Its the one book that I can easily recommend to everyone. Another great book of wisdom would have to be The Main Spring of Human Progress, by Henry Grady Weaver. The book tries to explain why American life has become so good over the last one hundred years. It sums up nearly 2,000 years of human struggle over food, money, and literature in order to unmask the reasons as to why we can live so comfortably in the 20th, and now the 21st, century. Perhaps the most significant argument the book made was of the worlds history during the dark ages of Europe. Apparently, while Europe was experiencing the dark ages, the rest of the world was busy at producing advanced mathematical concepts, pieces of art, and works of literature. The book opened my eyes to the world of Islam, a place where oil lamps were being used for lighting (instead of candles), where people washed every day, and beautiful churches were built in the name of god. Eventually, the book took me on a tour through the industrial age and it helped me to appreciate the life I have living in America. Another work of literature that helped set my mind to the way it is today is a short essay called A Message to Garcia, by Elbert Hubbard. This short ten page essay helped me to realize the one thing that must be learned the hard way, a strong and proper work ethic. After reading the essay, hundreds of thoughts burst into my head. I soon began to realize how the rich could become so rich, how America could become so prosperous, and even how to improve my laziness. I stopped asking so many questions and just got to work. No matter how much I might disapprove of something, if a job is given to me, I must try my best to complete the job. This short little essay changed the whole way I treat every second of my life. It is amazing that the mind is one part of the human body that improves the more you use it. I must agree with something that Francis Bacon once said, I would live to study, and not study to live. With that, I hope I can study as well as I live my life.

Modernist Art - A New Approach in Theatre Essay

Modernist Art - A New Approach in Theatre - Essay Example The essay "Modernist Art - A New Approach in Theatre" focuses on modern era and art. Modernity can be understood as a conceptual framework of individual expression at the same time that it can be considered a reflection of society as a whole. This suggests that it is comprised of intellectual ideas as well as by the development of new processes, techniques and materials. Modernity has been described as the â€Å"dialectical relationship ... which modernism consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly, positively or negatively reflects the effects of capitalist development.† The modernist ideology is thus revealed to have a number of different contexts bound together and interacting with our social understandings contributing to our intuitive and overt sense and understanding of the world around us. With the arrival of modernism, the realism and humanism of earlier periods melts away as performing artists focus more upon style, technique and spatial form in an attempt t o find a deeper expression of human experience, such as is seen in the ‘radical theatre’ approach taken by Peter Brook. The use of the word ‘radical’ in modern is deliberate when it comes to Brook’s theater. The Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines the adjective as â€Å"believing or expressing the belief that there should be great or extreme social or political change† and the noun in terms of â€Å"a person who supports great social and political change.† Toni Sant claims â€Å"radical theatre aims to make extreme changes...".

Consumer culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Consumer culture - Essay Example One of such events is the World War II. At the end of the war, there were various changes that occurred in the country. The changes that took place in the country were fascinating to the soldiers returning from war (PBS 1). As soldiers arrived in the country, they found many changes that were not there in the past. The changes were associated with the manufacture of various goods that were meant for the war. The increased production had helped America get out of the challenges it has experienced during the era of the Great Depression (PBS 1). The obvious phenomenon is that billions of people in the world belong to consumer class. According to a study done, it is estimated that approximately 1.7 billion people in the world belong to the â€Å"consumer class† (Mayell 1). The war helped America get out of various challenges that occurred in the past. One of such challenges was The Great Depression that had serious ramification on the economy (PBS 1). For this reason, as the challenge was overcome through wartime production, young people found an opportunity to spend. In addition, improved accessibility of jobs, increased wages, and lack of consumer goods in the event of war increased eagerness for American to spend as the war ended (PBS 1). Other changes were seen as young couples married and begun to get children at a higher rates. There were also changes in federal programs that provided an opportunity for young families to purchase their homes mostly in posh areas. However, there are various questions that arise. The first question is how the society transformed after this period in terms of spending. Secondly, what was the impact of such changes to society? Were the impacts positive or negative? The consumer culture had a negative influence on American society because it firmly brings shortcomings on personal life and social environment. There were significant changes in